Validation of QF-PCR for prenatal diagnoses in a Brazilian population.

OBJECTIVES:: Quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) is a rapid and reliable method for screening aneuploidies, but in Brazil, it is not used in public services. We investigated the accuracy of QF-PCR for the prenatal recognition of common aneuploidies and compared these results with cytogenetic results in our laboratory. METHOD:: A ChromoQuant QF-PCR kit containing 24 primer pairs targeting loci on chromosomes 21, 13, 18, X and Y was employed to identify aneuploidies of the referred chromosomes. RESULTS:: A total of 162 amniotic fluid samples analyzed using multiplex QF-PCR were compared with karyotyping analysis. The QF-PCR results were consistent with the results of cytogenetic analysis in 95.4% of all samples. CONCLUSION:: QF-PCR was demonstrated to be efficient and reliable for prenatal aneuploidy screening. This study suggests that QF-PCR can be used as a rapid diagnostic method. However, rearrangements and some mosaic samples cannot be detected with this test; thus, those exceptions must undergo cytogenetic analysis.

Validation of QF-PCR for prenatal diagnoses in a Brazilian population

OBJECTIVES: Quantitative fluorescence polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) is a rapid and reliable method for screening aneuploidies, but in Brazil, it is not used in public services. We investigated the accuracy of QF-PCR for the prenatal recognition of common aneuploidies and compared these results with cytogenetic results in our laboratory. METHOD: A ChromoQuant QF-PCR kit containing 24 primer pairs targeting loci on chromosomes 21, 13, 18, X and Y was employed to identify aneuploidies of the referred chromosomes. RESULTS: A total of 162 amniotic fluid samples analyzed using multiplex QF-PCR were compared with karyotyping analysis. The QF-PCR results were consistent with the results of cytogenetic analysis in 95.4% of all samples. CONCLUSION: QF-PCR was demonstrated to be efficient and reliable for prenatal aneuploidy screening. This study suggests that QF-PCR can be used as a rapid diagnostic method. However, rearrangements and some mosaic samples cannot be detected with this test; thus, those exceptions must undergo cytogenetic analysis.

Desenvolvimento de um teste para a trissomia do cromossomo 21 através da análise de ácidos nucleicos fetais no plasma materno por sequenciamento de última geração / Development of a trisomy 21 test by analysis of fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma by next generation sequencing

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi o desenvolvimento de um teste não invasivo para a trissomia do cromossomo 21 através da análise de ácidos nucleicos fetais livres no plasma materno por sequenciamento de última geração realizado no sequenciador automático Ion Torrent. A metodologia proposta para o teste é a análise de SNPs com alta taxa de heterozigosidade na população brasileira localizados em dois genes presentes no cromossomo 21 (PLAC4 e C21orf105), e a detecção da cópia extra do cromossomo 21 é feita pela razão dos alelos desses SNPs, sendo que a razão de 1:1 indica que o feto é normal, e a razão de 2:1 indica que o feto tem uma cópia extra do cromossomo 21. Para a validação da metodologia foram utilizadas 50 amostras de DNA livre extraídas de líquido amniótico, previamente caracterizadas por análise citogenética consideradas como o padrão ouro pois contém apenas material genético fetal abundante. A metodologia foi validada com sucesso nessas amostras, sendo que as 24 amostras de fetos com trissomia foram claramente distinguidas das 26 amostras de fetos normais. A metodologia validada foi aplicada a 44 amostras de DNA livre extraídas de plasma de gestantes (21 amostras de fetos com trissomia do 21 e 23 de fetos normais), porém não foi possível fazer a distinção entre fetos normais e fetos com trissomia do 21, possivelmente devido à variações na fração fetal do DNA livre em relação à fração materna. Como nosso objetivo principal não foi alcançado, Propomos aqui que o teste realizado em líquido amniótico seja utilizado como uma alternativa mais simples, rápida e barata ao cariótipo convencional atualmente utilizado para fazer o diagnóstico da trissomia do cromossomo 21 em amostras coletadas por procedimentos invasivos, enquanto as deficiências do teste não-invasivo pelo plasma materno são aprimoradas...

The purpose of this study was to develop a test for trisomy 21 by analyzing cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma by next-generation sequencing performed on automated sequencer Ion Torrent. The proposed methodology for the test is based on analysis of SNPs with high heterozygosity rates in Brazilian population, located in two genes present on chromosome 21 (PLAC4 and C21orf105), and the detection of the extra copy of chromosome 21 is made by the allelic-ratio of these SNPs, where 1:1 ratio indicates a normal fetus, and the 2:1 ratio indicates that the fetus has an extra copy of chromosome 21. In order to validate the methodology 50 cell-free DNAs extracted from amniotic fluid were used representing a gold standard since it contains abundant genetic material exclusively from the fetus. The methodology has been successfully validated in these samples, all the 24 samples from fetuses with trisomy 21 were clearly distinguished from 26 samples of normal fetuses. The validated method was applied to 44 cell-free DNA samples extracted from plasma of pregnant women (21 samples from fetuses with trisomy 21 and 23 from normal fetuses), but unfortunately it was not possible to distinguish between normal and trisomy 21 fetuses, possibly due to variations on the fetal fraction of the cell-free DNA in relation to maternal fraction. As our main goal was not achieved, we propose here that the test performed on amniotic fluid sample could be used as a simpler, faster and cheaper alternative test to traditional karyotype, which is used nowadays to make the diagnosis of trisomy 21 in samples collected by invasive procedures. In parallel, minor improvements in the described method may enable its clinical use...

Use of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis: the reality of this scenario in Brazil.

The discovery of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in the plasma of pregnant women has allowed the development of new, noninvasive prenatal diagnostic tests for the determination of fetal gender and Rh. These tests have been implemented in the public health system in several countries of Europe for over five years. The new possibilities for diagnostic use of these technologies are the detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidies, monogenic fetal disorders, and placental-related disorders, subjects that have been intensively studied by several groups around the world. The aim of this review was to assess the Brazilian research and clinical scenarios regarding the utilization of commercially available tests that use these plasma markers, stressing the advantages, both economic and safety-related, that non-invasive tests have when compared to those currently used in the Brazilian public health system.

Utilização de ácidos nucleicos fetais livres no plasma materno para o diagnóstico pré-natal: realidade do Brasil neste cenário / Use of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in maternal blood for prenatal diagnosis: the reality of this scenario in Brazil

A descoberta de ácidos nucleicos fetais livres no plasma de gestantes possibilitou o desenvolvimento de novos testes de diagnóstico pré-natal não invasivo para a determinação do sexo e do Rh fetal. Esses testes foram implantados no sistema de saúde pública de diversos países da Europa há mais de cinco anos. As novas possibilidades de aplicação diagnóstica dessas tecnologias são a detecção de aneuploidias cromossômicas fetais, de doenças monogênicas fetais e de distúrbios relacionados com a placenta, temas pesquisados intensivamente por diversos grupos ao redor do mundo. O objetivo deste estudo é expor a situação brasileira no âmbito de pesquisa e utilização clínica dos testes disponíveis comercialmente que utilizam esses marcadores moleculares plasmáticos, ressaltando as vantagens, tanto econômicas quanto de segurança, que os testes não invasivos têm em relação aos atualmente utilizados em nosso sistema de saúde pública.

The discovery of cell-free fetal nucleic acids in the plasma of pregnant women has allowed the development of new, noninvasive prenatal diagnostic tests for the determination of fetal gender and Rh. These tests have been implemented in the public health system in several countries of Europe for over five years. The new possibilities for diagnostic use of these technologies are the detection of fetal chromosomal aneuploidies, monogenic fetal disorders, and placental-related disorders, subjects that have been intensively studied by several groups around the world. The aim of this review was to assess the Brazilian research and clinical scenarios regarding the utilization of commercially available tests that use these plasma markers, stressing the advantages, both economic and safety-related, that non-invasive tests have when compared to those currently used in the Brazilian public health system.